Essay --

With the development of technologies, Cyber Attacks have been increased rapidly in the past few years. Probability of causing damage to critical articulate infrastructure like nuclear or self-importance-denial system, air traffic control, other governmental institutions, business and citizens leads to the problematic issue of its attribution, which is being highly debated in international Law. This Article by Nicholas Tsagourias makes contribution in that debate and revolves around the question of ascription of cyber-attacks as an armed attack and the right of self defense by the victim state in response to such attacks. However, the law of war requires that the cyber-attack must be attributed before a counterattack is permitted. This Article critically evaluates different obstacles of attribution like anonymity (determination of attackers identity), attack from different jurisdictions, and presentation of evidence in order to exercise the right of self defense by throwing the lig ht on various political, technical and legal aspects.ContextArticle 51 preserves the right of individual or incarnate self defense if an armed attack occurs... Therefore, the right of self defense can be exercised when an issue becomes complicated and reaches to a particular level of colour between states or a state and organized and identified group, which may result into injuries of individuals and destruction of objects and properties. But in cyber-attack, chances are less to cause adjacent human injuries. The author of the article provides brief detail on some important issues for example how to deal with a cyber-attack by a non-state actor. So this move emphasizes that Cyber warfare laws require more development and a proper framework because states may fea... ... the response of armed attack, Burdon of proof and the state control over its entities. foreign Court of Justice in Nicaragua Cas holds that a state is liable for the actions of paramilitaries or non-State actor s only if the actors in question act in complete dependence on the state. Whereas the opposing boilersuit control standard set forth in Prosecutor v. Tadic which holds that where a State has a role in organizing, coordinating, and providing support for a group, the groups acts are attributable to the State. International Law has different view on burden of proof. ICJ has made criticism on the concept of overall control because there was no effective control by the Serbian government over the acts took place. Its finding regarding the culpability of Serbia was, Serbias guilt must be proven beyond any doubt, rather than beyond a reasonable doubt.