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Music And Dance Were Used For Religious Worship And For...

Music and dance were used for religious worship and for royal party through the Three Kingdoms period. There were more than 30 musical instruments such as hyeonhakguem and gayaguem, which were popularly used in Joseon Dynasty. During the Joseon Dynasty, music was respected as an important practice for rituals and ceremonies. One of the traditional Korean dances was Buchaechum, which was developed in Joseon Dynasty. It is usually performed as a big female group using two pink feather fans per person. The dancers represent shaped images of flowers, waves, and butterflies by using those fans. In 1893, a Christian hymn song was the first Western music that was first heard in Korea. As Korea accepted a numerous different type of Western music and dances, many performers tried to be a part of those western arts. Many Korean musicians went to other countries to study and learn the western arts, and became the most notable performers in South Korea. In 1945, Korea’s first Western-style orchestra was made as the Korea Symphony Orchestra Society. In 1946, the Seoul Ballet Company was founded. Further, the Government established the Korean National University of arts in 1993 to cultivate talented artists by helping them to learn globally. The phenomenon, Hallyu, means â€Å"Korean Wave† in Korean. Korean pop and traditional cultures are fast sweeping the world, mostly in Southeast Asia, and also reach Europe and Middle East. Contemporary Korean music is created by mixing Korean cultureShow MoreRelatedBusiness Environment of Pre-British India13645 Words   |  55 PagesD’SOUZA-11 ALISHA PEREIRA-38 TANUSHREE SHARMA-47 GAURAV TALERA-52 Executive Summary It is the past which shapes what we become in the present. Most of what we do and follow today has been decided in the past which is why we have to understand who we were to become who we have to be. India is one of the few civilizations which has been in existence for more than 5000 years. India is a homogenous culture and it has such strong roots that we have been able to absorb any outside intervention with easeRead MoreRastafarian79520 Words   |  319 PagesCongress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Edmonds, Ennis Barrington. Rastafari : from outcasts to culture bearers / Ennis Barrington Edmonds. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-19-513376-5 1. Rastafari movement. 2. Jamaica—Religious life and customs. I. Title. BL2532.R37 E36 2002 299†².676—dc21 2002074897 v To Donnaree, my wife, and Donnisa, my daughter, the two persons around whom my life revolves; and to the ancestors whose struggles have enabled us to survive andRead MoreSda Manual Essay101191 Words   |  405 Pages1962, 1963, 1968, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1975, 1977, 1995 by The Lockman Foundation. Used by permission. Texts credited to NEB are from The New English Bible.  © The Delegates of the Oxford University Press and the Syndics of the Cambridge University Press 1961, 1970. Reprinted by permission. Texts credited to NIV are from the Holy Bible, New International Version. Copyright  © 1973, 1978, 1984, International Bible Society. Used by permission of Zondervan Bible Publishers. Bible texts credited to RSV are fromRead MoreA Picatrix Miscellany52019 Words   |  209 Pagessuspect by interlarding them with theoretical passages, or to make certain doctrines seem less strange by administering them in small doses, or to demonstrate the equal validity of the magical and philosophical material, or for a combination of all three reasons. At all events, a similar method of presentation is apparent in one of the principal sources of The Aim of the Sage, the encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity (Ihwà ¢n al-Safà ¢). What follows is a survey of the whole, with a sketch of the sourcesRead MoreUAE Consumer Lifestyle Analysis42818 Words   |  172 Pagesstandards. The wide range of sources used in the compilation of this report means that there are occasional discrepancies in the data, which were not reconcilable in every instance. Even when data are produced on specific parameters by the same national statistical office, such as total population in a particular year, discrepancies can occur depending on whether the data was derived from a survey, a national census or a projection and whether the data were based on mid-year or January figures. Read MoreIgbo Dictionary129408 Words   |  518 PagesonaryDictionary of Ònà ¬Ã¯â‚¬ ¬chà   Igbo 2nd edition of the Igbo dictionary, Kay Williamson, Ethiope Press, 1972. Kay Williamson († ) This version prepared and edited by Roger Blench Roger Blench Mallam Dendo 8, Guest Road Cambridge CB1 2AL United Kingdom Voice/ Fax. 0044-(0)1223-560687 Mobile worldwide (00-44)-(0)7967-696804 E-mail R.Blench@odi.org.uk http://www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm To whom all correspondence should be addressed. This printout: November 16, 2006 TABLE OF CONTENTS Abbreviations:Read MoreManagement Course: Mba−10 General Management215330 Words   |  862 Pagespractices face in determining true performance costs and that forecasting programs confront in establishing the economic determinants of corporate planning? In addition to these challenges, many analytical and strategic evaluation approaches that are used in an attempt to identify and project how well a company is performing have been overwhelmed by the frequency and magnitude of these economic groundswells. In today’s competitive climate, where the changes outside a business exceed the productive changes

Project Risk and Procurement Management Sustainable Supply Chain

Question: Demonstrate an understanding of the importance of procurement for global organisations operating in complex market environments Locate, synthesise and critically evaluate recent/current information from a wide range of published literature in the area of Project Risk and Procurement Management. Answer: Introduction Sustainable procurement ensures a smooth flow of products in a businesses environment. The most significant tool for sustainable procurement is effective risk management. According to Amann et al., (2014, p. 360) the proper understanding of acquisition risks surrounding a project helps procurement officers in making effective decisions when it comes to assigning contracts, choosing suppliers, and designing the bidding strategies. Research conducted by Dong and Burritt, (2010, p. 110) states that Australian Worldwide Exploration oil and gas company exists in a highly competitive global business environment. The company operates in Yemen, New Zealand, Indonesia, Vietnam, Argentina, and Australia and looks forward to reviewing expansion opportunities to other international markets. The major competitors of Australian Worldwide Exploration company are Arrow Energy, Beach Petroleum, Chevron Australia among many others both domestic and international. As per Bome et al., (2014, p. 32), the fact that the oil and gas industries operate in an increasingly complex environment, uncertainty surrounds their projects success, and this necessitates the establishment of excellent strategies for risk and procurement management. This academic report will demonstrate the importance of risk and procurement management in assisting the Australia Worldwide Exploration Limited to gain a competitive advantage over its closest rivals and analyze the strategies that will help the company mitigate both the existing and surrounding risks to enhance sustainable procurement. Project Risks and Management in Australia Worldwide Exploration Limited Bryde et al., (2013, p. 975) argues that the procurement activities for the company focus on the equilibrium between severity and risk mitigation strategies and this establish the need for sustainable procurement. However, based on the recent occurrences in oil and gas sector, the industry is prone and vulnerable to various risks whose impacts on customers, suppliers, and the project drivers are severe and thus need to be controlled. Australia Worldwide Exploration Limited management has a well-defined risk master plan for allocating the right resources to the procurement department. To gain a competitive advantage against Chevron Australia and Beach Petroleum, Australia Worldwide Exploration Ltd adopts the use of effective risk management standards that incorporate international procurement standards. Burke, (2013, p. 5) argues that given the oil and gas operations encompass challenges in the current complex market environment, understanding what strategies apply to the management of risks to ensure a sustainable procurement process should get identified, assessed, and ranked on the severity of project risks. Recently, the global oil and gas price has dropped compared to prices in early 2014, and this has adversely affected Australia Worldwide Company project and procurement processes. The company ensures energy security in a sustainable and profitable manner right from the project conception. The management of Australia Worldwide leads the acquisition executive in exploring various alternatives of ensuring access to affordable energy, and these strategies used include: hedging energy costs to remain as low as possible, encouraging self-supply, diversifying energy inefficient operations and synergistic acquisition of energy companies. Hahn and Henirich, (2012, p. 136) further argues that the procurement department should procure innovative technology companies whose actions diversify the companies operations to Africa, Asia, and other international markets. Also, through the advice of procurement, the company invests its capital in the acquisition of production plant and equipment that are pollutant-free and able to enhance environmental conservation. In the current oil and gas business environment, risk management plays a significant role in the supply chain management for this leads to sustainable procurement Headley and Griffith, (2014. P 410). For Australia Worldwide, the procurement professionals are mandated by the top executives to identify risks surrounding a project before it gets undertaken, using the right approaches. With a clear understanding of the sources of project risks, the project managers avoid undertaking risky projects which do not benefit the company. Yusuf et al., (2014, p. 536) argues that when it comes to the choosing of suppliers, analysis of the bids placed by vendors and the awarding of contracts through the assistance of procurement personnel, contracts should get awarded to reliable suppliers. Based on the past experiences and project failures, numerous international oil and gas companies continually take much interest in project risk management. In the year 2014, Australia Worldwide Exploration Ltd suffered project failures in the acquisition of manufacturing equipment whereby the machinery got acquired at a high cost, it broke down and immediately the oil and gas prices deflated. However, Anantatmula and Thomas, (2010, p. 66) states that with effective project risk and procurement management adopted thereon, the company has meticulously driven actions for better risk management models that have made it develop excellent project management tools. With these remedies, Australia Worldwide Exploration Ltd has currently continued to find a greater phase in the global market environment across all the world's continents, and this makes it to firmly position itself in the market by enjoying a competitive advantage. To further assist the company in gaining a competitive advantage, the procurement management adopts the use of four risk management strategies which include: Risk avoidance: Since the main hazard that the company gets exposed to is a poor assignment of contracts and insecurity of personnel handling the procured equipment, the company organizes training events for the procurement officers on how to come up with risk management strategies that the project remains exposed. All the positive opportunities get exploited. Risk acceptance: Under the supply risks, the company experiences transportation risks for the loss of procured equipment. The Procurement staff has well-established risk acceptance strategies and allocates some funds to cater for project risk management costs. The company recognizes that various risks accompany the purchasing process, and therefore the company accepts this fact by staying alerted on the approaches to risks once they arise. Risk transfer: Under the senior management assistance, the procurement ensures that all the procured items, computers, machinery, and technologies are insured such that in the events of calamity, the company may get compensated by the insurer. The company ensures its manufacturing equipment under theft, fire, and natural peril effects once compensated the competitive advantage of the company remains sustained. Risk mitigation: For adequately reducing the impacts of earthquakes and other calamities in the production of oil and gas process, the procurement of Australia Worldwide Exploration company procures sustainable plant, property, and equipment that can withstand the effects of calamities. Normally, the most adverse effects surrounding the oil and gas industry go beyond man's control and remain uncertain and unpredictable. Grounded on the above project risk and procurement management strategies, it remains evident that the actual procurement process depends on the cost and availability of resources in the company, Bourne, (2016, p. 210). Below is an analysis of the procurement processes followed by the management of Australia Worldwide Exploration Limited in its attempt to maintain a global competitive advantage in the global oil and gas industry. Procurement Processes The company has well-established project procurement processes for purchasing goods and services from the eligible suppliers. In this situation, the company advertises tenders for manufacturing equipment, computers, and office furniture so that supplies businesses can apply. The procurement management for Australia Worldwide Exploration company plays the role of administering the contract to the reliable supplier as per the requirements of the project. As per Meyr et al., (2015, p. 106), this proper administration of contract between Australia Worldwide and the contracting party enables the procurement team to assist the company in avoiding risks associated with poor engagement in supply contracts. With reduced risks to poor contracts, the company gains a competitive advantage over Chevron Australia and Beach Petroleum businesses that pose a significant threat to the sustainability of Australia Worldwide in the global market for oil and gas products. The company adopts the use of pro ject procurement management processes as discussed below. Effective planning of procurements: The top management of Australia Worldwide Exploration Ltd has established effective policies that the procurement considers while documenting project purchasing decisions, the approaches, and in the identification of potential suppliers. The qualification of a vendor remains the key determinant of whether a company will be chosen by the corporation to supply anything for its operation. Conducting the actual procurements: The project of acquisition management obtains and compares different sellers responses to the advertised tenders selects a suitable supplier, and awards the contract. The efficient and fairness employed by the company in awarding contracts creates a positive image in the public and thus making customers prefer its products to those of the competing firms and thus, gaining a competitive advantage. Administering procurements: To effectively manage procurement relationships, monitor the awarded contracts performance, and make remedial actions if needed, Australia Worldwide Exploration has a set team of procurement experts whose role is overseeing the progress of the tender as prescribed in the procurement policies of the firm. Here, the company follows the set bidding policies such that the highest bidder gets the tender in a fair and open manner. Closing the procurement process: In Australia Worldwide, once the project's role get achieved, the contract gets terminated. Contract termination leaves room for the purchasing personnel to focus on procuring other manufacturing equipment that can cope with the new technological trends in oil and gas production sector. Importance of Procurement Management in Project Management to Gaining Competitive Advantage Procurement has become a central part of the corporate performance and continually keeps on drawing increased attention from the executive role of companies. The research led by Badiru and Osisanya, (2016, p. 100) states that while risk management focuses on mitigating risks involved in the procurement process, procurement risks affect the flow of business transactions, and this calls for immediate action on how to effectively manage a project. According to Hong and Lee, (2013, p. 70), the key challenge to procurement is a lack of training and development. With proper training and development, the role of procurement in a business thrives. For sustainable development in the competitive market environment, Australia Worldwide Exploration Limited uses four guiding principles and considerations as per the Australian Procurement and Construction Council (APCC). These principles effectively guide the project risk and procurement management and include: Strategies for avoiding wasteful consumption and managing the market demand. Policies for reducing adverse impacts of production processes to the environment. Establishing a strong value for money in the acquisition of products and services deemed necessary in the manufacturing process. Ensuring total compliance with suppliers socially responsible practices and the establishment of a conducive environment for the employees. The following is a discussion of the actions taken by the procurement department of Australia Worldwide Exploration Limited in its functional roles to remain competitive in the global competitive oil and gas industry. Supporting Operational Requirements The acquisition department of Australia Worldwide Exploration makes use of unique procurement systems that helps in the assessment of transaction costs in cases of investment decisions; this ensures high profitability and larger purchasing volumes. The procurement ensures that the investment cost does not exceed the benefits that the manufacturing equipment will give to the company. As per Sodhi, et. Al., (2012, p. 4), supporting operational requirements of the business entails understanding the market demands so that the company can manufacture the right quantity and delivering it to the right customers. The procurement department of the company follows a clearly outlined procedure while buying goods and services to facilitate production within the enterprise. The plant, property, and equipment procured always conform to the needs of the engineering and technical groups, information technology, physical distribution centers, and transportation. Monczka et al., (2015, p. 400) states that with effective cost management, unnecessary direct material costs get reduced, standardization of products is enhanced, and intensive employment of global sourcing links is enhanced. Further, competitive tendering process persists and therefore, creating a competitive advantage for the company against its rivals especially Chevron Australia. Sustainable Procurement The supply and chain department of Australia Worldwide Exploration fosters sustainability of the business, and this supports a wider social, economic, and environmental objectives in a manner that establishes long-term advantages to the company and the suppliers. According to Govindan et al., (2015, p 66), a well-established environment for sustainable procurement between the contracting parties, the procured resources in the company are effectively utilized to achieve the desired value for money. Holding to the fact that the firm operates in a complex global market environment, the company procures manufacturing equipment that is environmentally friendly, and this shows a strong compliance to the legislations laid by the global procurement acts under the oil and gas industry Ahi and Searcy, (2013, p. 330). With compliance to the environmental legislations and directives, the company enjoys the benefit of established permanent vendor relationship with the government and also firmly p ositioning itself in the oil and gas business market. Electronic Procurement The management of Australian Worldwide Exploration continually seeks to invest and embrace new technologies that make its procurement process more user-friendly and efficient. Despite the fact that the company is a private firm, currently it concentrates on investing in the Public Services Network for the procurement considers it a key program for the delivery of a more cost effective and efficient standardized information communication and technology. In the research carried by Sutton, (2013, p. 95) indicates that with the aid of e-procurement, the company generates savings by ensuring reduced complexities and expenses as well as eliminating duplication of networks used by the competing firms. Therefore, with this adoption of unique ICT tools for administering procurement contracts and services, the company gains a competitive advantage over the rival businesses and thus generating high incomes from the global customer base. Currently, with the advancement of modern technologies, the Australia Worldwide Exploration management has encouraged the use of Procure to Pay (P2P) strategy as part of Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) system to procure and pay for the goods. The procurement department reviews e-sourcing and e-tendering options. Burke, (2013, p. 8) explains that through the assistance of P2P, the company implements the procurement services and works electronically and thus, reducing transactional processing expenditures. Customers of the company value its high-quality delivery, and this creates a competitive advantage for the firm. Further, the development of P2P strategies encourage electronic invoicing, improves the contracts modules, manages the procurement data of the enterprise, and provides a greater visibility of costs spent to inform the collaborative procurement opportunities of the company in a transparent agenda. Efficient Management of Supply Risks The company advocates for continuity in the application of distinguished supply chain strategies, and this improves its performance and the opportunity for gaining competitive advantage. Research from Dong and Buritt, (2010, p. 118) compared the approaches adopted by Chevron and Beach Petroleum, the main competitors for the company, and found that Australia Worldwide Exploration Ltd has decreased costs in the supply chain domain and continually advocated for increased attention to the client's demands. The company coordinates and optimizes its operations by providing valuable strategic plans for resources which are difficult to imitate by the rival firms, and thus gaining a competitive advantage. The procurement functions to manage supply risks effectively, and this is useful in all public procurement projects. With the current levels of high competition in the business environment, it is a requirement that the time spends on risk management remains proportional to the uncertainties involved in the procurement project as explained by Lusty and Gunn, (2015, p. 266). The Australia Worldwide Exploration firm recognizes the value of all stakeholders inputs about the successful implementation of risk management tools for effective procurement management. Always, risk management in the supply processes of the company has been the reason behind the quality and fit of decisions called for in attempts to eradicating negative risks associated with the supply chain for resources. Strategic Sourcing The procurement role of Australia Worldwide Exploration company uses agile supply chains so as to shorten the distance between the flow of goods and services in the business. Through the unique and efficient performance of supply chain, a company can gain a competitive advantage over the competitors. Strategic procurement sources go hand in hand with the forecasting, sourcing and supply, stocking, production planning, and efficient order and warehouse management. Sutton, (2013, p. 95) states that creating a competitive advantage requires a company to undergo supply chain collaboration with the key procurement sources in an attempt to synchronize and plan business processes. Strategic sourcing policies for the company states that the acquisition role must be keen in ensuring that the contracting party's goals are in conformity with the overall company's goals. Under this procurement role for sourcing tools and equipment necessary for facilitating the realization of targets, the compan y is given a green light to understanding the current trends in the market and thus able to invest its financial resources wisely. Effective Contract Management Once the procurement officers assign a contract to the supplier, the company ensures a continuous review of and management of the contractual terms stated in the agreement. The procurement process followed by Australia Worldwide Exploration ensures that the outcomes agreed in the contract are delivered by the supplying companies in a prescribed manner. Xanthopoulos et al., (2012, p. 352) argument that excellent management of contracts and relationships between the company and its delivery partners ensures immediate risks and costs management is justified. Conclusion Effective risk management contributes to sustainable procurement and enhances continuity and growth of business. With the integration of sustainable procurement and project risk management, stakeholders of a company get able to manage the risks surrounding the business operations. The organization's goal in alignment with the underlying objective of the project undertaken to assist the top executives to handle the firm's operations effectively. If the aims of the organization do not align with the purpose of the project, then the manner by which risks get handled get interfered with and thus failing to create a competitive advantage over the competitors. Effective procurement management arises from this clear integration of the project and organizational goals since the purchasing personnel has a clear description on what goods and services to buy, what contracts to sign, and how to ascertain that the procured products meet the desired purpose. Recommendations Given the numerous advantages of ensuring effective project and procurement management strategies in companies, every firm should establish a project risk and procurement management department in its day to day operations. Project risk strategies enable the management to align the requirements of the companies stakeholders by identifying, mitigating, planning, and managing the risks as they arise. Thus, it is essential for the management of businesses to ensure that all the risks encompassing the projects undertaken become appropriately matched with procurement management functions for this create an environment for gaining a competitive advantage over the rival firms in the market. References Ahi, P. Searcy, C., 2013. A comparative literature analysis of definitions for green and sustainable supply chain management. Journal of Cleaner Production, 52(2), pp. 329-341. Amann, M., Roehrich, J., Michael, E. Harland, C., 2014. Driving sustainable supply chain management in the public sector: the importance of public procurement in the European Union. Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, 19(3), pp. 351-366. Anantatmula, V. Thomas, M., 2010. Managing global projects: a structured approach for better performance. Project ManagementJournal, 41(2), pp. 60-72. Badiru, A. Osisanya, S., 2016. Project management for oil and-and gas industry: a world system approach. CRC Press. pp. 99-106 Bolme, C., Daniel, H. Paulraj, A., 2014. Green procurement and green supplier development: antecedents and effects on supplier performance. International Journal of Production Research, 52(1), pp. 32-49. Bourne, L., 2016. Stakeholder relationship management: a maturity model for organizational implementation. CRC Press. pp. 210-215 Bryde, D., Broquetas, M. Vom, J., 2013. The project benefits of building information modeling (BIM). International Journal of Project Management, 31(7), pp. 971-980. Burke, R., 2013. Project management: planning and control techniques. 3rd ed. USA: New Jersey. pp. 1-8 Dong, S. Burritt, R., 2010. Cross-sectional benchmarking of social and environmental reporting practice in the Australian oil and gas industry. Sustainable development, 18(2), pp. 108-118. Govindan, K., Rajendran, S., Sarkis, J. Murugesan, P., 2015. Multi-criteria decision-making approaches for green supplier evaluation and selection: a literature review. Journal of Cleaner Production, 98(4), pp. 66-83. Hahn, G. J. Henirich, K., 2012. Value-based performance and risk management in supply chains: a robust optimization approach. International Journal of Production Economics, 138(1), pp. 135-144. Headley, J. Griffith, A., 2014. The procurement and management of small works and minor maintenance: The principal considerations for client organizations. Routledge. pp. 410-415 Heizer, J., Render, B. Munson, C., 2016. Principles of operations management: sustainability and supply chain management. 2nd ed. Oxford: Pearson Higher Ed. pp. 28-35 Hong, Z. Lee, C., 2013. A decision support system for procurement risk management in the presence of spot market. Decision Support Systems, 55(1), pp. 67-78. Kumaraswamy, M., M, M. Moris, D., 2002. Build-operate-transfer-type procurement in Asian megaprojects. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 128(2), pp. 93-102. Lusty, P. Gunn, A., 2015. Challenges to global mineral resource security and options for future supply. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 393(1), pp. 265-276. Meyr, H., Wagner, M. Rohde, J., 2015. The structure of advanced planning systems: in supply chain management and advanced planning. 2nd ed. Berlin: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 99-106 Monczka, R., Robert, H., Giunipero, L. Patterson, J., 2015. Purchasing and supply chain management. Centage Learning. pp. 400-404 Sodhi, M., Son, B.-G. S. Tang, C., 2012. Researchers perspectives on supply chain risk management. Production and Operations Management, 21(1), pp. 1-13. Sutton, B., 2013. Procurement and its role in corporate strategy: an overview of the wine and spirit industry. International Marketing Review, pp. 90-96. Xanthopoulos, A., Vlachos, D. Lakovou, E., 2012. Optimal newsvendor policies for dual-sourcing supply chains: a disruption risk management framework. Computers and Operations Research, 39(2), pp. 350-357. Yusuf, Y. Et al., 2014. A relational study of supply chain agility competitiveness and business performance in the oil and gas industry. International Journal of Production Economics, 147(2), pp. 531-543.

Taliban Essays - Islamic State Of Afghanistan, War In Afghanistan

Taliban Afghanistan followed the same fate as dozens of formerly Soviet-occupied countries after the collapse of Moscow's Marxist government in 1991. Islamic factions, which had united to expel the Russian occupiers in 1992, began to fight among themselves when it became apparent that post-communist coalition governments could not overcome the deep-rooted ethnic and religious differences of the members. It was in this atmosphere of economic strife and civil war that a fundamentalist band of religious students emerged victorious. By 1996, this group, the Taliban, ruled 90% of the country with a controversial holy iron hand. The other 10% of the country is tenaciously held by minority opposition groups led by president Rabbani and military commander Ahmed Shah Massoud and aided by foreign Taliban adversaries. This Northern Alliance shares critics' objections to the Taliban's extreme fundamentalist methods and especially scorns Pashtun ethnic chauvinism. Today only Pakistan, the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia recognize the Taliban as Afghanistan's legitimate ruling party. The United Nations still considers Massoud head of State, the US advocates a broad based government and others favor Rabbani, Zahir Shah, Gulbuddin Hekmatyar or other opponents as rulers of Afghanistan. The Taliban claim to follow a pure, fundamentalist Islamic ideology, yet the oppression they perpetrate against women has no basis in Islam. Within Islam, women are allowed to earn and control their own money, and to participate in public life. The 55-member Organization of Islamic Conference has refused to recognize the Taliban as Afghanistan's official government. The Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt, regarded by many as an ultraconservative, fundamentalist organization, has denounced the Taliban's decrees. Female employment and education is restricted or banned. Women must stay at home. If necessary, women who do leave the house must be accompanied by a male relative and cover themselves with a burqa (an ankle-length veil with a mesh-like opening in front of the eyes). Non-religious music, cassette tapes, TV and movies are all banned. Multi-colored signs are prohibited. White socks are forbidden (either because they are considered a sexual lure or because they resemble Afghanistan's flag). Children cannot fly kites, play chess or play with the pigeons since it distracts them from their religious studies. Men must wear beards or face prison until their shaven whiskers grow back. Paper bags are banned since the paper might have been recycled from old Korans and lower level windows must be blackened to prevent males from inadvertently catching women in compromising states. In order to guarantee that men and women observe the new rules, the Taliban have employed a moral police force (Agents for the Preservation of Virtue and Elimination of Vice) to search for violators. The purported brutal treatment of offenders by the moral police has led Amnesty International to classify the conduct a "reign of terror." Prior to the Civil War and Taliban control, especially in Kabul, the capital, women in Afghanistan were educated and employed: 50% of the students and 60% of the teachers at Kabul University were women, and 70% of school teachers, 50% of civilian government workers, and 40% of doctors in Kabul were women. Some examples of gender apartheid follow: A woman who dared to defy Taliban orders by running a home school for girls was shot and killed in front of her husband, daughter, and students. A woman caught trying to flee Afghanistan with a man not related to her was stoned to death for adultery. An elderly woman was brutally beaten with a metal cable until her leg was broken because her ankle was accidentally showing from underneath her burqa. Women have died of treatable ailments because male doctors were not allowed to treat them. Many women, now forcibly housebound, have attempted suicide by swallowing household cleaner, rather than continuing to live under these conditions. 97% of Afghan women surveyed by Physicians for Human Rights exhibit signs of major depression. The Taliban creates fallacies t maintain control. The following is an excerpt from ____ newspaper in 199_. The Taliban emerged in early 1994 from the Sunni religious schools (called madrassat) near Quetta, Pakistan, at a time when factional fighting and resulting lawlessness were at their height. Originally a small band of warriors from the majority Pashtoon tribe, their numbers swelled as they met with increasing success. Their take-over of the southern Afghan city of Kandahar, in April 1994, was welcomed by its citizens, who had long suffered under corrupt and brutal mujehadeen commanders. The Taliban (the name derives from the Arabic word for student) quickly established order in Kandahar, disarming all factions and the general population. The Taliban leader of the faithful, amir

102 Process and Solutions Professor Ramos Blog

102 Process and Solutions Annotate Your Texts Quick Write What problem are you writing and researching about? Make sure to start with the problem, not the solution. Annotate Your Texts How to Annotate To summarize how you will annotate text: 1. Identify the BIG IDEA 2. Underline topic sentences or main ideas 3. Connect ideas with arrows 4. Ask questions 5. Add personal notes 6. Define technical words Shitty First Drafts The writing process is a very important concept that you need to learn. This will move you from writing ok papers to good papers. The first draft is the down draft. The second draft is the up draft. The third draft is the dental draft. Proposal Intro Lets go over the  proposal prompt  for the first essay. Proposal Example We read McCardell – Drinking Age of 21 Doesn’t Work. In small groups, locate the problem as he presents it. Does he provide evidence? Locate the solution he proposes. Intro to Research Scholarly research is research that is published by people with specialized knowledge on what they are researching. It is peer reviewed, reviewed by other researchers and specialist in the field, and is generally trustworthy. Blogs, Newspapers, Magazines are not Scholarly but are popular sources. Crafton Library Databases  Academic Search Complete is a great resources to begin with. Credo reference is great for background information to understand your topic. ProCon.org  No subscription needed. Good place to look at the main issues around a topic. Google Scholar  Google academic database search. Great place to start. Free Write Take the topic you are thinking about researching for your proposal and write it at the top of a page. For the next five minutes I want you two write down everything you know about it. Do not edit as you write. Just keep writing and see where it takes you. Just keep writing. Just keep writing. If you thought runs out, skip a line and start a new thought. Keep writing. What do you know about your topic? What questions do you have about your topic? What do you need to research about your topic? Begin Research Begin researching the problem you are thinking of writing about. Find at least one source to use for your first essay that helps you to define the problem. Do not assume that the problem is real! Question your assumptions and find proof from a reliable source.

The Growth of a Nation Canada Essays

The Growth of a Nation Canada Essays The Growth of a Nation Canada Essay The Growth of a Nation Canada Essay Canada evolved into a nation during the 18th and 19th centuries. Many factors were accountable to this change which includes the Loyalists migration north and of course the Constitutional Acts of 1791and 1867. There were key people and sanctions during this evolution, the Crown, the American Revolution, the Loyalists of Upper Canada, the francophones of Lower Canada and the Radicals responsible for the 1837 rebellions were the most influential. The Crown made many territorial and political changes during the 18th and 19th centuries because of the ever changing and growing population in Canada, everyone from Loyalists to the First Nations were affected. Loyalists and the changes that were made because of their influx to British North America: Loyalists are defined as American colonists of varied ethnic backgrounds that supported the British cause during the American Revolution1. Because of the Revolution, many British Loyalists from the former 13 Colonies in the United States moved up to present day Canada to maintain their British way of life. The main waves of Loyalists moved north immediately following the American Revolution in 1783 and 1784. Over 30 000 of these people settled the Maritime Provinces. The Loyalists swamped the previous population of 20 000 Americans and French, and in 1784 New Brunswick and Cape Breton were created to deal with the influx. About 2000 moved into present day Quebec and 7500 settled Ontario. The flock of Loyalists gave the region itsfirst substantial population and led to the creation of a separate province, Upper Canada, in 1791. Loyalists were instrumental in establishing educational, religious, social and governmental institutions. The impact made by the Loyalists has made a lasting impression on modern Canada. Inheriting certain conservatism, we Canadians seem to prefer evolution to revolution when it comes to government changes and in todays society in general.

Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Assignment - Essay Example rning fire outbreaks in building structures are now widely used as a tool to understand the causes and consequences of fire in various scenarios which can be used by engineers in designing safety plans. Furthermore, several countries across the globe have undergone serious transformations in terms of their building safety regulations which is now increasingly focused on the performance based approach to fire safety design. However, the requirements related to fire safety design for various types of buildings differ largely according to circumstances of each individual case. Conforming to the requirements of the fire resistance norms laid down by the various regulating authorities, leads to a simultaneous increase in construction costs, since excessive use of safety materials during building construction is often inevitable yet superfluous and avoidable. These redundant expenses can be avoided through the recently emerged field of fire safety engineering and the latest trend which focuses on a performance based fire safety regulation policy aimed at enhancing the building designs in such a way that the safety of the inhabitants is not compromised and the costs are controlled. "The application of scientific and engineering principles to the effects of fire in order to reduce the loss of life and damage to property by quantifying the risks and hazards involved and provide an optimal solution to the application of preventive or protective measures" (Purkiss 2007, Pp.1). Such a concept applies to all situations where fire is a impending vulnerability. The low rise domestic buildings are the prime target of fire related damage since such buildings usually do not involve use of complicated design methods and also, in such building structures the chances of human fatality is higher as the causes of death in such a situation are usually the spread of smoke and other toxic gases, rather than through building collapse, which prevent the inhabitants from escaping (Malhotra,

Major Changes in Kuwaiti Culture and Economy during the Past 20 Years Research Paper

Major Changes in Kuwaiti Culture and Economy during the Past 20 Years - Research Paper Example A marketing technique that works in, say, North America, may not work on another continent, like Asia. Using the same marketing method may actually backfire and even cause harm to a product or service when used in a country with a different culture (TradePals). The following factors need to be considered in international marketing: International marketing research plays an important role in the identification and development of a company’s strategies for internationalization. It enables a business to identify, evaluate and compare potential foreign market opportunities and develop a marketing plan. Research also provides a company with foreign market intelligence to help it anticipate events, take appropriate action, and prepare for global changes. Kuwait is located between Iraq and Saudi Arabia, and a short trip across the Persian Gulf from Iran. Kuwait was nominally part of the Ottoman Empire until 1899 when it fell under British protection. It remained a British protectorate until 1961, although Britain granted independence to Kuwait in 1914. Oil was discovered in 1938, and Kuwait is believed to have about 10 per cent of the worlds known oil reserves. With little arable land or natural fresh water with which to grow crops, petroleum dominates the Kuwaiti economy. Presently, Kuwait is a constitutional monarchy headed since 1977 by Amir Jabir al-Ahmad al-Jabir Al Sabah. Political parties are illegal in its 50-seat, popularly elected legislature, but several informal political groups — including Muslim groups — have put up candidates. Eighty-five per cent of Kuwaiti residents are Muslim, and only 45 per cent of the nation's residents are ethnic Kuwaitis. Others are mostly from elsewhere in the region. In August 1990, Iraq attacked and invaded Kuwait. Following several weeks of aerial bombardment, a UN-mandated coalition led by the United States began a ground assault in February 1991 that liberated  Kuwait.  

Computer Shopper Essay Example for Free

Computer Shopper Essay Technology has evolved and changed throughout history and the world. In the 80’s and even early 90’s, type writers and the mail man were highly relied on when it came to communication. Today when it comes to communication now we have e-mail and text messaging. Presently different professions use computer but with different configurations. So what I did was take three known professions business, student and professional gamer. To describe what functions are needed for their profession. The Student Being a fulltime student takes a lot and requires one to be on point at every task at hand. Having all materials such as paper, books, pens and pencils. Even through textbooks breaks the bank in your pockets. The need for a notebook also known as a laptop is a major requirement. Having a notebook definitely helps a lot in everyday class curriculums. One problem is that once you have your notebook you need software such Microsoft Office. Microsoft Office is a wonderful tool when it comes to creating and reviewing documents. How can you determine what type of notebook to get though? On table 1 below, I have looked into Best Buy, one of America’s top known electronic retail companies, to see what is it that they have to offer to students. I came across Hewart Packard Pavilion A-8 series. This notebook comes with a 500 gigabyte hard drive and 4 gigabytes of memory. The processor is an Intel Celeron 2.1GHz. It is not one of Intels high end processors but for a student, it is definitely at the top of its class. The price provided by Best Buy is $429.99. The Business Man Reports, meetings, reviews, and analysis are the assignments general business men have to complete daily, weekly and/or monthly. But what type of desktop does a business man usually have in his or her office? Some random hand me down desktop provided by the IT Department? I believe so. What if you were your own boss and needed some sort of desktop that can get you  through everyday business. What type would you go for? Generally you want a desktop with a moderate processor, high on memory and a large hard drive to keep all documentation. Below on table 1, I suggested the Dell XPS desktop. Dell is popular nationwide when it comes to businesses and even schools. The Dell XPS provides 1TB of hard drive, 12GB of memory, and on top of that a 3.4 Intel 4th Generation Core. This desktop is an awesome display of business power and priced at $699.99.

Descartes Sixth Meditation Essay -- essays research papers

In the Sixth Meditation, Descartes makes a point that there is a distinction between mind and body. It is in Meditation Two when Descartes believes he has shown the mind to be better known than the body. In Meditation Six, however, he goes on to claim that, as he knows his mind and knows clearly and distinctly that its essence consists purely of thought. Also, that bodies' essences consist purely of extension, and that he can conceive of his mind and body as existing separately. By the power of God, anything that can be clearly and distinctly conceived of as existing separately from something else can be created as existing separately. However, Descartes claims that the mind and body have been created separated without good reason. This point is not shown clearly, and further, although I can conceive of my own mind existing independently of my body, it does not necessarily exist as so. On page 56, when Descartes talks about how sailors are related to ships and why the mind body union is different, he is vague on the metaphorical analogy. To try to get his point across, dualism is used. Descartes is talking about something called interactionist substance dualism. He is stating that the mind and body causally interact with one another. This can be summed up to say that as easily as the mind can cause changes in the body, the body can also cause changes in the mind. Therefore the mind and body must be intimately united. An example of this is having the intuition to raise your hand. Your mind thinks about raising your hand and your body automatically does so. Contrary to this, if you step on a pin, your body tells your brain it has stepped on something sharp, thus causing pain, and your brain tells you that you have pain and to get off. In order to follow this, you must have a strong belief in the existence of God. For only God has the means necessary to make me certai n that the two things exist separately of each other. This is because God is a perfect entity, and is capable of countless things whose true causes are beyond my knowledge. To try to explain Dualism through God, we must talk about corporeal bodies and our knowledge of them. Regarding the nature of corporeal bodies and what is known about them and given Descartes premises, the conclusions he draws in Meditation Six are generally the correct ones. He again invokes the causal to argue that the ideas... ...rity and distinction, but we can conclude what Descartes means. He is saying that we can be sure that these primary qualities exist in bodies in the same way that they do in our ideas of bodies. This cannot be claimed for qualities such as heat, color, taste and smell, of which our ideas are so confused and vague that we must always reserve judgment. This can be seen in the wax example. Do you think that Descartes qualifies to your satisfaction that the mind and body are separate from each other? Only halfway; too many things are left up in the air, and the language is not quite clear. The mind and body can each exist separately and independently of one another. But they also need one another to work properly. This relationship is why the mind and body argument was shown with the sailor and ship scenario. By claiming that the mind and body were similarly related to each other as the sailor and the ship, Descartes was giving the average but intuitive reader something to ponder about while trying to make up his or her own mind about the relation between mind and body. From my point of view, however, Descartes needs further argument to prove that the mind and the body are distinct.

Rhone-Poulenc Rorer, Inc Case-Study

Almost every aspect of the complexity of the merger can be explained through Rhone-Poulenc’s financial constraints. RP’s motives to acquire Rorer were to create crucial capital for its own strategic entry into pharmaceuticals. RP could not buy Rorer either in cash or shares due to the following factors: First, RP had limited ability to pay with borrowed cash. The company was more levered than other firms in the industry. Rhone-Poulenc didn’t want to borrow all the cash because it would have affected in a negative way to its balance sheet despite the fact that it borrowed for the cash portion of the deal.Second, Rhone-Poulenc couldn’t pay with internally generated cash because, during the announcement time, RP was a net cash user in connection with its great capital spending requirements and the recession felling on chemicals markets. Third, RP could not pay with debt securities. It is logical that if the company was too highly levered to borrow and pay in cash, it was too highly levered to swap debt securities for shares. Fourth, Rhone-Poulenc could not pay with RP common shares or with cash raised from selling equity.A deal based on shares would not have been approved by old shareholders because the deal would have diluted the value of individual shares and it would have not been profitable because the RP’s management believed the company’s share price was undervalued. Rhone-Poulenc could not offer standard common stock because it didn’t have any, so it had to offer only nonvoting certificate of investment as a state-owned company as it was.2. In case of Rhone-Poulenc Rorer, Inc, the shareholders of Rorer received a CVR that enabled them to receive additional gains from the possible shortfall of the future stock price and to persuade the Rorer shareholders to continue as the minority equity investors in the Rhone-Poulenc Rorer, Inc. Rhone-Poulenc could not pay with RP common shares or with cash raised from selli ng equity. A deal based on shares would not have been approved by old shareholders because the deal would have diluted the value of individual shares and it would have not been profitable because the RP’s management believed the company’s share price was undervalued.Rhone-Poulenc could not offer standard common stock because it didn’t have any, so it had to offer only nonvoting certificate of investment as a state-owned company as it was. 3. The assumption is that RP is not going to use its right to extend the maturity of the CVRs, and they are thus expiring in July 31, 1993. We have used the binomial tree to value the CVRs as a put option. The value of a CVR is thus $5. 54, and the aggregate value is $231. 64 million. Secondly, we have calculated the value of the CVRs in August 1991, assuming this is the date when the case was written.In addition, I am still assuming that RP isn’t going to extend the maturity. I’ve used almost the same method as i n the previous calculation and the value of a CVR is $2. 78, and the aggregate value is thus $116. 34 million. 4. The investor can see the offering quite attractive. This is due to the fact that they now have limited their downside risks with the put option. This means the minority have an effective hedge against the possibility of failure of the upcoming merger. Rhone-Poulenc managed to entice all the shareholders of the acquired Rorer with its somewhat complicated three-stage transaction.The initial tender offer and giving the rights to control RP’s HPB was attractive enough for Rorer to accept the deal. The Contingent Value Rights gave the minority shareholders the rights they thought were valuable enough to close the deal. Rorer believed that the whole package was indeed worth of $36. 50 per share. Rorer benefited from the announcement of this deal and gained about $632 million in new value. However, RP’s non-voting common shares decreased 4. 4 percent, or $175 mil lion, in value. The fact is, all in all, that RP has a huge liability due to the CVRs.In the worst case scenario, the share price falls below $26. 00 and the liability would thus be ($49. 13 – $26. 00) * 41. 8 million = $966. 83 million, which is the maximum amount of RP’s liability. The maximum liability was perfectly hedged, providing RP a delta neutral position. Extra. RP would prefer the share price to stay higher than $49. 13 until 1993, and $53. 06 until 1994. This is because in these cases RP would not be obliged to pay CVR-holders the cash payments. Thus if the share price would be higher than $49. 13 in the expiration date of the CVRs, RP would not extend the maturity of the Contingent Value RightsIntroduction A merger between Rorer Group, Inc and the Human Pharmaceutical Business (HPB) of Rhone-Poulenc (RP) S. A. generated a major multinational pharmaceutical company, Rhone-Poulenc Rorer (RPR) on July 31, 1990. The expectations concerning takeover of Rorer ha d aroused in the late 1980s when the considerably low cash balance and rising level of debt seemed to slow down its strategy of growth by acquisitions. The rumors had reassurance in 1989 when Rorer made a bid to take over the pharmaceutical business of A. H. Robins and lost the opportunity.Just a short time after this, the $3. 2 billion merger of Rorer and RP was announced. A year later the company had shown rapid post-merger integration and initial synergy gains. RP had practically no position in the United States and Japan, but on the other hand it had a strong market share in some European Community markets. Thanks to Rorer’s U. S. connections, the new company ranked among the top three in Europe and had improved its position in the United States. Rorer’s Robert Cawthorn continued as RPR’s CEO and almost all the new senior executives came from Rhone-Poulenc.The markets expected RP to slowly take over the company because it owned 68% of RPR’s shares. Th e French government owned 100% of Rhone-Poulenc’s voting common stock. RP was the seventh largest chemical manufacturer in the world and it gave the minority shareholders a contingent value right (CVR) that promised to pay them on July 31, 1993, any shortfall between $49. 13 and the then prevailing stock price. Rorer Goup, Inc’s main factor in its growth strategy had been a program of acquisitions, because sales growth in the company’s existing product lines was characterized as mature.As usual, there were several skeptics associated to this merger. They were worried about the cultural integration and independence. The skeptics pointed out the company is French, yet the management team is mainly American, they have a American-style mission statement (â€Å"Our Mission is to become the BEST pharmaceutical company in the world by dedicating our resources, our talents, and our energies to help improve human health and the quality of life of people throughout the w orld†) and the lack of interest of the American executives to learn French. The market outlook for the industry wasn’t favorable for the company.The cost of new-product development in the industry was rising and yet the number of new drug applications worldwide had fallen. It was also predicted that the governments would get tougher on the cost of drugs in an effort to slow down rapidly rising health costs. Other risks to consider were patent expiration and competition from low-priced generic drug manufacturers and decreasing product life cycles. In turn, the world population was aging, analysts noted that computers and biotechnology were aiding new-product development and different analysts recommended to buy the RPR’s stock on the long term. . The $3. 2 billion merger was consummated in a three-stage transaction, by which Rhone-Poulenc obtained 68% of Rorer’s common stock (91. 6 shares), which was enough to permit Rhone-Poulenc to consolidate Rorerâ€⠄¢s results for financial reporting. First, Rhone-Poulenc would tender for 50. 1% (43. 2 million shares) of Rorer’s common stock for $36. 50 cash per share. Rhone-Poulenc increased its debt/capital ratio to 45% by borrowing the funds to finance the tender offer. The debt/capital ratio was considerably high compared to its competitors ratio of 20-30%.Second, Rorer assumed $265 million of RP debt (guaranteed by RP), made a $20 million cash payment to RP, and issued 48. 4 million new common shares to RP in exchange for RP’s HPB division. Analysts believed that Rorer’s bylaws would require at least 85% of all shares be voted in favor of the issuance of new shares and, more generally, of this entire transaction. Third, Rhone-Poulenc issued the 41. 8 million CVRs to the remaining minority shareholders in Rorer. A CVR entitled the holder to the right, at the end of three years (July 31, 1993) or four years, at RP’s option, to a cash payment of US$49. 13 (or $53. 6 if the payment were made at the end of four years) reduced by the higher of the value of the RPR share at that date or $26. Thus, if the value of the RPR share exceeded $49. 13 (or $53. 06), there would be no payment. The maximum amount of RP’s liability on December 31, 1990, was 5 165 million French francs at the date of the issuance of the rights. The maximum amount of RP’s liability at the date of issuance was hedged. Any changes in the value of the CVRs resulting from fluctuations in exchange rates, as well as the amortization of the cost of the hedge, were recorded directly into the consolidated equity of RP.The CVRs were quoted on the American Stock Exchange and traded independently of the shares of EPE, which were listed on the New York Stock Exchange. Rorer and RP jointly released its own estimate of the package value of CRV and minority share in RPR to be worth $36. 50 and thus equal to the price at which RP was offering for shares of RPR. Rorer’s in vestors responded positively to the merger arrangements. Rorer shares increased by 28% net of the changes in the Standard & Poor’s 500 index over the week during the week of the announcement. This gain equaled about $632 million in new value.Simultaneously, RP’s nonvoting common shares lost 4. 4% net of market during the announcement week, or about $175 million. Almost every aspect of the complexity of the merger can be explained through Rhone-Poulenc’s financial constraints. RP’s motives to acquire Rorer were to create crucial capital for its own strategic entry into pharmaceuticals. RP could not buy Rorer either in cash or shares due to the following factors: First, RP had limited ability to pay with borrowed cash. The company was more levered than other firms in the industry.Rhone-Poulenc didn’t want to borrow all the cash because it would have affected in a negative way to its balance sheet despite the fact that it borrowed for the cash portion of the deal. Second, Rhone-Poulenc couldn’t pay with internally generated cash because, during the announcement time, RP was a net cash user in connection with its great capital spending requirements and the recession felling on chemicals markets. Third, RP could not pay with debt securities. It is logical that if the company was too highly levered to borrow and pay in cash, it was too highly levered to swap debt securities for shares.Fourth, Rhone-Poulenc could not pay with RP common shares or with cash raised from selling equity. A deal based on shares would not have been approved by old shareholders because the deal would have diluted the value of individual shares and it would have not been profitable because the RP’s management believed the company’s share price was undervalued. Rhone-Poulenc could not offer standard common stock because it didn’t have any, so it had to offer only nonvoting certificate of investment as a state-owned company as it wa s.The form of the deal solved Rhone-Poulenc’s financial problems and it made possible for the firm to generate capital for its human pharmaceutical business and raise equity via obtaining Rorer’s shareholders to remain as minority equity investors in the Rhone-Poulenc Rorer, Inc. It would be natural to RP to want to issue equity for part of the deal but for the reasons mentioned above, it could not do so. 2. Contingent Value Right (CVR) is a type of right given to shareholders of an acquired company that ensures them to receive additional benefit if a specified event occurs.CVRs are handy tools that may help deal makers surmount challenging deal design problems. The use of CVRs is relatively rare, but they are useful when the seller company is seeking protection for the remaining minority shareholders who might be vulnerable to unfair treatment by the acquirer, the seller’s board may be concerned the buyer’s share price may not retain its value if the dea l’s projected synergies are not achieved, the integration is not smooth, or the buyer’s legacy business does not perform as expected.In case of Rhone-Poulenc Rorer, Inc, the shareholders of Rorer received a CVR that enabled them to receive additional gains from the possible shortfall of the future stock price and to persuade the Rorer shareholders to continue as the minority equity investors in the Rhone-Poulenc Rorer, Inc. Rhone-Poulenc could not pay with RP common shares or with cash raised from selling equity. A deal based on shares would not have been approved by old shareholders because the deal would have diluted the value of individual shares and it would have not been profitable because the RP’s management believed the company’s share price was undervalued.Rhone-Poulenc could not offer standard common stock because it didn’t have any, so it had to offer only nonvoting certificate of investment as a state-owned company as it was. Shareholder s selling their Rorer shares to Rhone-Poulenc were paid in three forms. They received totaling $1. 7 billion, shares in Rhone-Poulenc Rorer and CVRs. If, at the end of three years, the RPR share price did not exceed $98, Rhone-Poulenc had to pay CVR holders the difference between the share price and $98, to an upper limit of $46 per CVR.If the RPR share price was below $52 on August 1, 1993, RP would have to pay the CVR holders $1 billion (in FRF over 5 billion). By the end of 1991, the price of the CVR had fallen by 4/5 of its value. Its close at under $1 reflected the good performance of the group. RP took the opportunity to buy all the CVRs it had been offered. During the first year after issue, the group gathered in 20. 7 million CVRs, half the total number issued. 3. The assumption is that RP is not going to use its right to extend the maturity of the CVRs, and they are thus expiring in July 31, 1993.We have used the binomial tree (Exhibit A) to value the CVRs as a put option. The value of a CVR is thus $5. 54, and the aggregate value is $231. 64 million. I have assumed risk-free rate of 8. 20 percent, which is the yield of a 3-year U. S. Treasury note. The standard deviation was given, 18 percent, and we have used it to calculate u and d enabling me to calculate p also. We have used $36. 50 as S(0). Secondly, we have calculated the value of the CVRs in August 1991, assuming this is the date when the case was written. In addition, we are still assuming that RP isn’t going to extend the maturity.We have used almost the same method as above (Exhibit B) and the value of a CVR is $2. 78, and the aggregate value is thus $116. 34 million. Only difference is that we used 0. 172 (=0,18*(SQRT(11/12)) as standard deviation, since there is not full year until maturity. We have used 8. 09 percent as the risk-free rate, which is the yield of a 2-year Treasury note. The share price in August 1, 1991 was $45. 75, which is the value of S(0) in my calculations. As we can see, the value of the CVR is considerably smaller in the latter case, due to the decrease in the time value of the put option. 4. The investor can see the offering quite attractive.This is due to the fact that they now have limited their downside risks with the put option. This means the minority have an effective hedge against the possibility of failure of the upcoming merger. The investors are receiving a cash payment of $49. 13 (or $53. 06 in the case of RP extending the maturity) minus the then prevailing share price or $26. 00. In one hand their shares can gain possible extra value and in the other they have a limit for the possible losses. Rhone-Poulenc managed to entice all the shareholders of the acquired Rorer with its somewhat complicated three-stage transaction.The initial tender offer and giving the rights to control RP’s HPB was attractive enough for Rorer to accept the deal. The Contingent Value Rights gave the minority shareholders the rights they though t were valuable enough to close the deal. Rorer believed that the whole package was indeed worth of $36. 50 per share. Rorer benefited from the announcement of this deal and gained about $632 million in new value. However, RP’s non-voting common shares decreased 4. 4 percent, or $175 million, in value. The fact is, all in all, that RP has a huge liability due to the CVRs.In the worst case scenario, the share price falls below $26. 00 and the liability would thus be ($49. 13 – $26. 00) * 41. 8 million = $966. 83 million, which is the maximum amount of RP’s liability. The maximum liability was perfectly hedged, providing RP a delta neutral position. This is possible through adjusting the ratio of CVRs and RPR equity, in the case of price changes of these CVRs. Extra question RP would prefer the share price to stay higher than $49. 13 until 1993, and $53. 06 until 1994. This is because in these cases RP would not be obliged to pay CVR-holders the cash payments.Thus if the share price would be higher than $49. 13 in the expiration date of the CVRs, RP would not extend the maturity of the Contingent Value Rights. I have calculated the value of the CVRs in case the maturity is extended until 1994. The calculations are in the Exhibit C, and the value of a CVR is thus $5. 57 and the aggregate value is $232. 89 million. In 1993, if the share price is S(uud) = $43. 70, the CVRs’ maturity might be extended, because now there would be a possibility of the share price to increase to $52. 32 and the extension would have been preferable.

Looking At The Term Omnidirectional Imaging Film Studies Essay

First, allow ‘s specify the term – â€Å" omnidirectional † . The term â€Å" omnidirectional † is derives from a prefix â€Å" omni † which forms the significance â€Å" all † or â€Å" every † while â€Å" directional † is bespeaking a way in infinite. Hence, this term â€Å" omnidirectional † implies an equal sensitiveness in all directional. Normally, this term is widely used in the telecommunications field such as omnidirectional mike which is a device that can pick up sound from all around it. Other than this, an omnidirectional aerial can direct or have signals every bit good in all waies and a VHF omnidirectional scope ( VOR ) is used as a wireless pilotage system for aircraft. Due to the advancing of the engineering, the use has been expanded to other field of designs. For illustration, an omnidirectional treadmill is used as a treadmill that allows a individual to walk in any way without traveling. Besides this, there is a specially design wheel that allows motion in any way and normally use into automatons which is called Mecanum Wheel. In picture taking, an omnidirectional camera is a camera that can see all 360 grades around it. All of these executions have referred to the impression of bing in every way. Omnidirectional imagination shows a 360 grades ocular position which has a similar construct with an omnidirectional camera. This sort of imagination is of import in several countries such as security force. The security force applies this construct as a ocular surveillance which can cut down the offense rates and increase the safety of the populace as shown in Figure 1. This is due to the omnidirectional vision shows a broad angle of position which has the ability to see around 360 grades. Figure 1: The camera with hemispherical FOV for big country surveillance application The omnidirectional image is round form and must be unwrapped to obtain a bird's-eye image as depicted in Figure 2. ( a ) ( B ) Figure 2: Image taken by an omnidirectional camera with a inflated mirror. Figure ( a ) indicates the omnidirectional image. Figure ( B ) indicates the corresponding bird's-eye image. Although omnidirectional images allow increasing the field of position ( FOV ) , some jobs arise. Anamorphosis in omnidirectional images introduces complexness in image processing and reading such as optical flow calculation. Optical flow is computed from images spatio-temporal derived functions in order to gauge the evident gesture in a digital image sequence. Using appropriate gesture theoretical accounts, the pels evident gesture can be related to the camera gesture. Refering omnidirectional images, a simple camera interlingual rendition implies a complex evident gesture. Indeed, a camera interlingual rendition does non bring forth an evident interlingual rendition of all the pels in the image. Figure 3 has depicted both status explained above. Figure: Pixels gesture for a classical camera interlingual rendition ( a ) and for an omnidirectional camera ( B ) Ordinary cameras used in machine vision either have a narrow field of position ( FOV ) or have a broad FOV but suffer from complex deformation. It can be hard to undo a broad FOV image to obtain perspective projection positions accurately. Based strictly on the ideal perspective projection imaging theoretical account, it has been shown that surfaces of revolution of conelike subdivision curves are the lone mirror forms that can be paired with a individual convergence projection camera to make single-viewpoint ( SVP ) , catadioptric omnidirectional position systems whose omniview image can be unwrapped to perspective projection positions without systematic deformations. By utilizing multiple normal cameras positioned decently in relation to a plane mirror pyramid, a high declaration, SVP, broad FOV system can be built. The trade-offs, though, are the high monetary value and complexnesss involved with multiple cameras. Bulky size, weight, standardization, synchronism, and addition differences are jobs associated with multi-camera systems that single-camera systems are free of. An SVP system is worthwhile if the benefits outweigh the drawbacks for a peculiar application. The advantages of the single-camera, SVP, catodioptric household of omnidirectional imaging systems come with a monetary value. The most important tradeoff is a much lower image spacial declaration compared with normal cameras, multi-camera omniview systems, or revolving normal camera scanning system because single-camera, SVP, catadioptric systems have an enlarged FOV without a corresponding addition in the figure of physical feeling units ( e.g. , pels ) .Omnidirectional Image Scree ning SystemAn omnidirectional imagination system consisting a brooding mirror for sing object within a hemisphere field of position form a individual practical position point at the local centre of said brooding mirror, a projector for projecting a light beam toward said brooding mirror, and a variable wavelength filter optically positioned between said projector and said brooding mirror for bring forthing a form holding a spatially distributed wavelength spectrum of said brooding mirror, where a generator responsive to the hemispherical image informations for bring forthing 3-dimensional image.Field of InventionThe innovation presents a set of methods and setup for omnidirectional stereo imagination. By â€Å" omnidirectional imagination system † , we mean a system that is able to get images with a field-of-view ( FOV ) covering full hemisphere ( 180 solid infinite angle ) , at the same time without any mechanical moving portion. The FOV of a conventional camera or a light p rojector can be dramatically increased by using a brooding mirror decently placed in forepart of the camera or the projector. A brace of omnidirectional cameras is able to organize a alone stereo imagination of environing scene with 360 degree position angle. A combination of an omnidirectional camera and an omnidirectional structured visible radiation projector can besides supply a agencies to obtain quantitative three dimensional measurings of the objects around the camera system. The omnidirectional three dimentional imaging methods and setup presented herein may offer alone solutions to many practical systems that need coincident 360 grade sing angle and three dimensional measuring capableness. A figure of attacks had been proposed in the yesteryear for imaging systems to accomplish broad FOV. None of them nevertheless is able to bring forth 3D omnidirectional images. In the undermentioned paragraphs, we give a briefly study on the stake-of-the-art of current imaging systems that seek to accomplish broad FOV. Before the innovation of omnidirectional camera, a camera with revolving parts is used to capture image in all way. Although it produce high declaration of image, but it takes some clip in capturing it. Hence, some attack has been proposed in the yesteryear for imaging system to accomplish a broad field-of-view ( FOV ) . However, none of them is able to bring forth 3D omnidirectional images. Presently, there are some imaging systems are produced to seek for a broad FOV: Conventional Cameras Most bing imaging systems employ electronic detector french friess or photographic movie to enter optical image collected by its optical lens system. The image projection for most camera lenses is modeled as a â€Å" pin-hole † with a individual centre of projection. Since sizes of camera lens and the imagination detector have their practical restrictions, the light beams that can be collected by a camera lens and received by the imagination device typically organize a maize with really little gap angle. Therefore, angular FOV for conventional camera is within a scope of 5 to 50 grades. For illustration, an 8.5 millimeter F/1.3 camera lens for 1/2 † CCD ( Charge Coupled Device ) bit merely has an angular FOV of 41.2 grade. Fish-Eye Lenss Optical applied scientists had designed several versions of wide-viewing-angle lens system, called the fish-eye lens. The fish-eye lens features a really short focal length which, when used in topographic point of conventional camera lens, enables the camera to see object for much wider angle ( about 180 grade of hemisphere ) . In general, the wider FOV, the more complicated design the fish-eye lens has. To obtain a hemispherical FOV, the fish-eye lens must be rather big in dimension, complex in optical design, and therefore expensive. Besides, it is really hard to plan a fish-eye lens that ensures individual position point restraint, i.e. , all incoming chief visible radiation beams intersect at a individual point to organize a fixed point of view. This is so a job with commercial fish-eye lenses, including Nikon ‘s Fisheye-Nikkor 8-mm f/2.8 lens. Although the acquired image by fish-eye lenses may turn out to be good plenty for some visual image applications, the deformation c ompensation issue has non been resolved, and the high unit-cost remain to be major hurdlings for its wide-spread applications. The fish-eye lens technique has the advantage of following a statically positioned camera to get a broad angle of position. However the nonlinear belongings resulted from the semi-spherical optical lens mapping make the declaration along the round boundary of the image really hapless, while the FOV corresponding to the round boundary of the image normally represents a land or floor where a high declaration of image is required. Multi-Camera System or Revolving Imaging Systems Large FOV of objects may be obtained by utilizing multiple cameras in the same system, each point towards a different way. However, issues on seamless integrating of multiple images is farther complicated by the fact that image produced by each camera has different centres of projection. The cost for such a system is normally high. The image processing required by multiple cameras or revolving camera method to obtain precise information on place and AZ of an object takes a long clip, which is non suited for real-time conflict field mold and reconnaissance applications. Another straightforward solution to increasing the FOV of an imagination system is to revolve the full imagination system about its centre of projection An image sequence acquired by the camera at different places are â€Å" sewed † together to obtain a bird's-eye position of the scene. Such an attack has been late proposed by several research workers. A really interesting attack developed by employs a camera with a non-frontal image sensor to scan the universe. The first disadvantage of any revolving image system is that it requires the usage of traveling parts, and preciseness placement devices. A more serious drawback is that such systems lack the capableness of at the same time an geting image with broad FOV. Although such system can get precise azimuth information in omnidirectional position, the imagination procedure is time-consuming and the method is non applicable to real-time jobs such as avoiding hit against traveling obstructions or supervising scene with nomadic objects. This restricts the usage of revolving systems to inactive and non-real-time applications. In contrast, the innovation presented herein, called the omnidirectional camera, is capable of capturing real-time omnidirectional images without utilizing any traveling parts. By â€Å" omnidirectional images † , we mean images with a FOV covering full hemisphere ( 180 solid infinite angle ) , at the same time. As one can see, a bird's-eye camera is still non omnidirectional, since it can merely supply a wide-angle of FOV at certain clip case, non in all waies. Figure: Comparison between our Omnidirectional Camera, bird's-eye camera and conventional camerasBrooding MaterialWhen visible radiation radiation passes from one medium into another holding a different index of refraction, some of the visible radiation is scattered at the interface between the two media even if both are transparent. The coefficient of reflection represents the fraction of the incident visible radiation that is reflected at the interface. In general it must be treated as a directional belongings that is a map of the reflected way, the incident way and the incident wavelength. Mirrors surely have a distinguishable brooding quality most other stuffs do non. This is due to the alone colour, composing and smoothness the mirror has. Polished, glistening metals make good mirrors because metal behaviors electricity good. Since the electronic field inside the metal is zero, negatrons at that place will ever call off out a field that is non zero ( even if the field originates outside the metal ) . Since light travels in electromagnetic moving ridges, when it hits a mirror ( most frequently made with sprayed Ag and glass ) , the lone manner to call off out the field and put it to zero is to reflect those moving ridges back out, hence a contemplation. This procedure is similar to singing a long rope attached on one terminal. If you give a hanging rope with one loose terminal one, large shingle, the rope will beckon to the top, and so back down. This is what happens when light hits a mirror. Some molecules hold light and convert some of it to heat. These stuffs are normally black. White stuffs have molecules that about instantly let go of visible radiation after absorbing it. There is an full scope of soaking up in different colourss. Metal works good for mirrors because it reflects seeable visible radiation on all parts of the surface at the same clip. While unsmooth surfaces do reflect visible radiation ( depending on colour and composing ) , they typically reflect visible radiation in all waies. You can see this in concrete, for illustration. It seems to scintillate because it reflects light, but non in one way or ordered manner. Mirrors, nevertheless, do reflect in one way. Because metal ( including metal pigment ) is smooth, it ‘s the best stuff for mirrors.Visible Spectrum WavelengthElectromagnetic Radiation Electromagnetic radiation is considered to be wave-like, dwelling of electric and magnetic field constituents that are perpendicular to each other and besides to the way of extension. Electromagnetic radiation consists of visible radiation, heat or beaming energy, radio detection and ranging, moving ridges, and X raies. Each of it has a specific scope of wavelengths. Figure: An electromagnetic moving ridge demoing electric field, magnetic field constituents and the wavelength. Figure: The spectrum of electromagnetic radiation. Visible visible radiation prevarications within a really narrow part of the spectrum with wavelengths runing between about 0.4 micron and 0.7 micron. The sensed colour is determined by the wavelength ; for illustration, radiation holding wavelength of about 0.4 micron appears to be violet, whereas green and ruddy colour occur at about 0.5 and 0.65 micron severally.CoatingMetallic elements are opaque and extremely brooding. The sensed colour is determined by the wavelength distribution of the radiation that is reflected and non absorbed. A bright silvery visual aspect when exposed to white light indicates that the metal is extremely brooding over the full scope of the seeable spectrum. Aluminum and Ag are two metals that exhibit this brooding behaviour. Copper and gilded appear red-orange and yellow severally because of the energy associated with white light photons holding short wavelength is non reemitted as seeable visible radiation. The huge bulk of optical constituents are made of assorted types of glass, and the bulk of those objects are coated with thin beds of particular stuffs. The intent of these coatings is to modify the contemplation and transmittal belongingss of the constituents ‘ surfaces. High-reflection coatings can be applied to the exterior of an object. For illustration, a level piece of glass is used to bring forth a first-surface mirror. Alternately, they can be applied to an internal surface to bring forth a second-surface mirror, which is used to build certain prisms. High-reflection coatings can be classified as either insulator or metallic coatings. Metallic coatings are used chiefly for mirrors. They do non trust on the rules of optical intervention but instead on the physical and optical belongingss of the surfacing stuff. However, metallic coatings are frequently over-coated with thin dielectric movies to increase the coefficient of reflection over a coveted scope of wavelengths or scope of incidence angles. Over-coating metallic coatings with a difficult, individual, dielectric bed of half-wave optical thickness improves scratch and tarnish opposition but merely marginally affects optical belongingss. Depending on the insulator used, such over-coated metals are referred to as lasting, protected or hard-coated metallic reflectors. The chief advantages of metallic coatings are broadband spectral public presentation, insensitiveness to angle of incidence and polarisation, and low cost. Their primary disadvantages include lower lastingness, lower coefficient of reflection and lower harm threshold. Today ‘s multilayer dielectric coatings are unusually difficult and lasting. With proper attention and handling, they can hold long life lastingness. Quarter-wave thicknesses of alternately high- and low-refractive index stuffs are applied to the substrate to organize a dielectric multilayer stack, as shown in figure. By taking stuffs of appropriate refractile indexes, the assorted reflected wave-fronts can be made to interfere constructively to bring forth a extremely efficient reflector. The extremum coefficient of reflection value is dependent upon the ration of the refractile indices of the two stuffs, every bit good as the figure of layer braces. Increasing either increases the coefficient of reflection. Over limited wavelength intervals, the coefficient of reflection of a dielectric surfacing easy can be made to transcend the highest coefficient of reflection of a metallic coating. Furthermore, the coatings are effectual for both s- and p-polarization constituents, and can be designed for a broad angle of incident scope. However, at angles that are significantly distant from the design angle, coefficient of reflection is markedly reduced. CVI Melles Griot is a taking provider of preciseness optical constituents and multielement optical system. CVI Melles Griot shows that: Our protected gold, Ag, and aluminum coatings exhibit exceeding broadband coefficient of reflection and are practical for many applications. Typical utilizations for these mirrors include single-use applications where the experiment itself amendss the mirror. A assortment of diameters and square sizes are offered, including an 8 † ten 8 † protected aluminium version.CoatingProtected GoldProtected SilverProtected AluminumSubstrate Float Glass Thickness 3.2 A ± 0.25 millimeter Coefficient of reflection Ravg & gt ; 96 % from 800 nm – 20 A µm Ravg & gt ; 97.5 % from 450 – 2 A µm Ravg & gt ; 96 % from 2 – 20 A µm Ravg & gt ; 90 % from 450 nm – 2 A µm Ravg & gt ; 95 % from 2 – 20 A µm Damage Threshold 2 J/cm2 1064 nanometer, 10 N, 10 Hertz 3 J/cm2 1064 nanometer, 10 N, 10 Hertz 0.3 J/cm2 1064 nanometer, 10 N, 10 Hertz Front Surface Flatness & lt ; 5I »/inch @ 633 nanometer Diameter Tolerance +0.0/-0.25 millimeter Clear Aperture & gt ; 90 % of Surface Surface Quality 60-40 Scratch-DigALoading†¦ Materials those are capable of conveying visible radiation with comparatively small soaking up and contemplation is transparent-one can see through them. Translucent stuffs are those through which visible radiation is transmitted diffusely ; that is, visible radiation is scattered within the inside, to the grade that objects are non clearly distinguishable when viewed through a specimen of the stuff. Materials that are imperviable to the transmittal of seeable visible radiation are termed opaque. When light returns from one medium into another, several things happen. Some of the light radiation may be transmitted through the medium, some will be absorbed and some will be reflected at the interface between the two media. Most of the captive radiation is reemitted from the surface in the signifier of seeable visible radiation of the same wavelength which appears as reflected visible radiation. The coefficient of reflection for most metals is between 0.9 – 0.95 and some little fraction of energy from electron decay procedure is dissipated as heat. Metallic elements are opaque and extremely brooding. The sensed colour is determined by the wavelength distribution of the radiation that is reflected and non absorbed. A bright silvery visual aspect when exposed to white light indicates that the metal is extremely brooding over the full scope of the seeable spectrum. Aluminum and Ag are two metals that exhibit this brooding behaviour. Copper and gilded appear red-orange and yellow severally because of the energy associated with white light photons holding short wavelength is non reemitted as seeable visible radiation. When visible radiation radiation passes from one medium into another holding a different index of refraction, some of the visible radiation is scattered at the interface between the two media even if both are transparent. The coefficient of reflection represents the fraction of the incident visible radiation that is reflected at the interface. If the visible radiation is normal or perpendicular to the interface, so Where and are the indices of refraction of the two media. If the incident visible radiation is non normal to the interface, R will depend on the angle of incidence. Since the index of refraction of air is really close to 1. Thus the higher the index of refraction of the solid, the greater is the coefficient of reflection. For typical silicate spectacless, the coefficient of reflection is about 0.05. Merely as the index of refraction of a solid depends on the wavelength of the incident visible radiation. This means that the coefficient of reflection vary with wavelength. Contemplation losingss for lenses and other optical instruments are minimized significantly by surfacing the reflecting surface with really thin beds of dielectric stuffs such as Mg fluoride. Mirror Manufacturing In modern times the mirror substrate is shaped, polished and cleaned, and is so coated. Glass mirrors are most frequently coated with non-toxic Ag or aluminum, implemented by a series of coatings: Tin ( II ) Chloride Silver Chemical activator Copper Paint The Tin ( II ) Chloride is applied because Ag will non bond with the glass. The activator causes the tin/silver to indurate. Copper is added for long-run lastingness. The pigment protects the coating on the dorsum of the mirror from abrasions and other inadvertent harm. In some applications, by and large those that are cost-sensitive or that require great lastingness, mirrors are made from a individual, bulk stuff such as polished metal. Technical mirrors may utilize Ag, aluminum or gold coating and achieve coefficient of reflection of 90 % – 95 % when new. A protective transparent greatcoat may be applied to forestall oxidization of the brooding bed. Applications necessitating higher coefficient of reflection or greater lastingness where broad bandwidth is non indispensable usage dielectric coatings, can accomplish coefficient of reflection every bit high as 99.99 % over a narrow scope of wavelength. Mirror Manufacturing Base Glass, which is a major mirror constituent, is really non a really good stuff for contemplation. In fact, it is merely able to reflect four per centum of the visible radiation it comes in contact with. What it has is a uniformity belongings that allows it to hold really few bumps, peculiarly when it is polished. The smoothness of glass makes it a good campaigner for a base of a brooding metal. Coating The base stuff, in order to go brooding, needs to be coated with a substance that reacts good to visible radiation. The most normally used stuffs are metal coatings such as Ag, gold or chrome. Mercury was used by mirror makers until it was finally abandoned in the fortiess due to jobs with toxicity. Modern mirrors now make usage of aluminium as the metallic coating. Mirrors that are used under high temperatures are frequently coated with Si oxides and Si nitrates which tend to be a protective coating applied to forestall scrape. Design Mirrors need to integrate surface regularity in their designs in order to go effectual. The glass sheets that are used demand to be level and lasting. For family usage, the thickness of the mirror is taken into consideration, with its strength increasing proportionally to its thickness. For heavy-duty mirrors, such as those used in scientific research, the surface has to be specially designed to retain uniformity while adding a curvature. This gives the mirror the ability to concentrate every bit good as reflect visible radiation. The design of the mirror besides specifies the sort of surfacing to be used. The features that are of import in the pick of the surfacing include lastingness and coefficient of reflection. Procedure To do a mirror, the first measure is to cut and determine the glass harmonizing to the formulated design. Diamond-tipped proverbs are normally used to make a all right coating. After this, the panels, called spaces, are placed in an optical grinding machine. This machine uses an scratchy liquid and a grinding home base to make a smooth texture on the glass. Finally, the brooding stuff is placed on the glass utilizing an evaporator, which has the ability to heat the metal used for surfacing until it evaporates onto the spaces ‘ surface. Integrity The quality control of mirrors is an of import portion of the fabrication procedure. The mirror ‘s surface is by and large inspected utilizing the bare oculus or a microscope in order to look into if there are any abrasions or variability. An infrared photographic procedure may besides be used to see if there is a deficiency of uniformity in the thickness of the metal. In some instances, the mirror may besides be placed under environmental proving wherein it is subjected to heat or cold to see how good it can defy assorted temperatures. Possibly you ‘ve been in a state of affairs where you have n't had a mirror on manus and have resorted to utilizing the most brooding surface around you. Depending on the colour, form and texture of the surface, it may hold sufficed, but mirrors surely have a distinguishable brooding quality most other stuffs do non. This stems from the alone colour, composing and smoothness a mirror has. Get downing With Metal Polished, glistening metals make good mirrors because metal behaviors electricity good. Since the electronic field inside the metal must be zero, negatrons at that place will ever call off out a field that is non zero ( even if the field originates outside the metal ) . Since light travels in electromagnetic moving ridges, when it hits a mirror ( most frequently made with sprayed Ag and glass ) , the lone manner to call off out the field and put it to zero is to reflect those moving ridges back out, hence a contemplation. This procedure is similar to singing a long rope attached on one terminal. If you give a hanging rope with one loose terminal one, large shingle, the rope will beckon to the top, so back down. This is what happens when light hits a mirror. How Color Affects Reflection Some molecules hold light and convert some of it to heat. These stuffs are normally black. White stuffs have molecules that about instantly let go of visible radiation after absorbing it. There is an full scope of soaking up in different colourss. Metal works good for mirrors because it reflects seeable visible radiation on all parts of the surface at the same clip. Silver works good in peculiar because it ‘s the closest to white and reflects a assortment of colourss better ( Cu and gold would non reflect blue good, for illustration ) . How Smoothness Affects Contemplation While unsmooth surfaces do reflect visible radiation ( depending on colour and composing ) , they typically reflect visible radiation in all waies. You can see this in concrete, for illustration. It seems to scintillate because it reflects light, but non in one way or ordered manner. Mirrors, nevertheless, do reflect in one way. Because metal ( including metal pigment ) is smooth, it ‘s the best stuff for mirrors. Mirrors that are warped or non wholly smooth give distorted images. Obtaining Omnidirectional View Using Reflective Mirror. To dramatically increase the FOV of an imagination system, there is an unusual attack: utilizing a brooding surface. The FOV of a picture camera can be greatly increased by utilizing brooding surface with properly designed surface forms. The rear-view mirror in a auto is a day-to-day illustration of utilizing brooding mirror to increase the FOV of a driver. There are a figure of surface profiles that can be used to bring forth omnidirectional FOV. Figure list three illustrations: conelike mirror, spherical mirror, and parabolic mirror. The optical geometry of these bulging mirrors provides a simple and effectual agencies to change over picture camera ‘s two-dimensional position into an omnidirectional position around the perpendicular axis of these mirrors, without utilizing any traveling portion. At the first glimpse, it appears that the omnidirectional imagination undertaking can be accomplished by utilizing any bulging mirror. Unfortunately, this is non the instance. In reexamining some BASIC of image formation, we know that an image is two dimensional form of brightness ( or colourss ) . A satisfactory imagination system must continue two indispensable features: Geometric correspondence: there must be a one-to-one correspondence between pels in an image and point in the scene. Single point of view restraint: each pels in the image corresponds to a peculiar sing way defined by a beam from that pel on image plane through a â€Å" pinhole † ( individual sing point ) . Notice that although the convex mirrors listed in Figure can greatly increase the FOV, and may turn out adequate for certain omnidirectional scene monitoring applications, they are non satisfactory imaging devices. These reflecting surfaces do non continue the individual point of view restraint ( SVC ) . For a high quality omnidirectional imagination system, all the light beams coming in the omni imager caput should hold a individual ( practical ) sing point. Design of the omni-mirror that meets the SVC In this subdivision, we will discourse a desirable convex mirror surface profile that satisfies the individual point of view restraint: all the ( extensions of ) visible radiation beams reflected by the mirror must go through through a individual ( practical ) point of view. We call such a brooding mirror the omni-mirror. Let us first define necessary symbols and nomenclature. As shown in the Figure, we use an off-shelf picture camera with a regular lens whose FOV covers full surface of the omni-mirror. Since the optical design of camera and lens is rotationally symmetric, all we need to find is the cross-section map zA ® that defines the mirror surface cross-section profile. The mirror is so the solid of revolution obtained by brushing the cross-section about the optical axis. The map of the omni-mirror is to reflect all viewing beams coming from picture camera ‘s screening centre ( focal point, labeled as C ) to the surface of physical objects in the FOV. The cardinal characteristic of this contemplation is that all such reflected beams must hold a projection towards a individual practical screening point at mirror ‘s focal centre, labled as O. In other words, the mirror should efficaciously maneuver sing beams such that the camera equivalently sees the objects in the universe from a i ndividual point of view O. We choose hyperboloid as the desirable form of the omni-mirrors. A well-known characteristic of a inflated curve is that: the extension of any beam reflected by the inflated curve originated from one of its focal points passes through its another focal point. If we choose the hyperbolic profile for the omni-mirror, and topographic point a picture camera at its focal point C, as shown in Figure, the imagination system will hold a individual point of view at its another focal point O, as if the picture camera were placed at the practical screening location O. The alone characteristic of the omni-mirror is that the extension of the entrance light beam sensed by the CCD camera is ever go throughing through a individual practical point of view O regardless of the location of the projection point M on the mirror surface.